tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10898205318735705072024-03-18T15:18:47.996+05:30Environmental SciencesTopics of interest to the environmentalist. Especially tailored to the subject titled, "Environnmental Sciences" common to the engineering students in Osmania University, Hyderabad, IndiaMrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.comBlogger118125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-44126156551627619762021-07-25T14:35:00.002+05:302021-07-25T14:35:54.691+05:30Forest resources and effects of mining<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>FOREST RESOURCES</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> Any material which can be transformed in a way that it </span><span style="font-family: arial;">becomes more valuable and useful can be termed as resource. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">In other words, it is possible to obtain valuable items from </span><span style="font-family: arial;">any resources.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Resources, therefore, are the means to attain </span><span style="font-family: arial;">given ends. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Life depends upon a large </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">number of things and services provided by the nature, which </span><span style="font-family: arial;">are known as Natural Resources. Therefore water, air, soil, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">minerals, coal, forests, crops and wild life are all examples </span><span style="font-family: arial;">of natural resources.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Forest Resources</u></b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Forest is important renewable resources. Forest </span><span style="font-family: arial;">contribute substantially to </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the economic development of any country. Plants along with </span><span style="font-family: arial;">trees cover large areas, produce variety of products and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">provide food for living organisms. In addition, they are essential to save </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">the environment.<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Significance of forests</b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Forest provide prosperity to human beings and to the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">nation. A few Important uses of forests are listed<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Commercial values</span></li><li>Ecological significance</li><li>Aesthetic values</li><li>Life and economy of tribes</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Commercial values</u></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Forests are main source of many commercial products such as</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">wood, timber, pulpwood etc. </span></li><li>Forest can provide food , fibre, edible oils and drugs.</li><li>Forest lands are also used for agriculture and grazing.</li><li>Forest is important source of development of dams, recreation and mining.</li><li>Forest provide food, medicine and other products needed for tribal people and play a vital role in the life and economy of tribes living in the forest.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Ecological uses</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Forests are habitat to all wild animals, plants and support </span>millions of species. </li><li>They help in reducing global warming caused by green house gases and produces oxygen upon photosynthesis.</li><li>Forest can act as pollution purifier by absorbing toxic gases. </li><li>Forest not only helps in soil conservation but also helps to regulate the hydrological cycle.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Aesthetic values</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">All over the world people appreciate the beauty and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">tranquillity of the forest because forests have a greatest </span><span style="font-family: arial;">aesthetic value. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Forest provides opportunity for recreation </span>and ecosystem research.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u> Over exploitation of forests</u></b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Forests contribute substantially to the national economy. </span></li><li>With increasing population increased demand of fuel wood, expansion of area under urban development and industries has lead to over exploitation of forest .</li><li>At present international level we are losing forest at the rate of 1.7 crore hectares annually. </li><li>Overexploitation also occurs due to overgrazing and conversion of forest to pastures for domestic use.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Deforestation</u><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Forest are burned or cut for clearing of land for agriculture </span>,harvesting for wood and timber , development and expansion of cities .</li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">These economic gains are short term whereas long term effects of deforestation are irreversible</span></li><li>Deforestation rate is relatively low in temperate countries than in tropics </li><li>If present rate of deforestation continues we may losses 90% tropical forest in coming six decades</li><li>For ecological balance 33% area should be under forest cover but our nation has only 20.6% forest cover.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u> Causes of deforestation</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Shifting cultivation or "jhum" cultivation</span></li><li>This practice is prevalent in tribal areas where forest lands are cleared to grow subsistence crops. </li><li>It is estimated that principal cause of deforestation in tropics in Africa, Asia and tropical America is estimated to be 70, 50, and 35% respectively. </li><li>Shifting cultivation which is a practice of slash and burn agriculture are posses to clear more than 5 lakh hectares of land annually. </li><li>In India, shifting cultivation is prevalent in northeast and to limited extent in M.P, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh and is contributing significantly to deforestation.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Commercial logging</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">It is a important deforestation agent. It may not be the </span>primary cause but definitely it acts as secondary cause, because new logging lots permits shifting cultivation and fuel wood gatherers access to new logged areas.</li><li>Need for fuel wood due to Increased population which has lead to increasing demand for fuel wood which is also acting as an important deforestation agent, particularly in dry forest.</li><li>Expansion for agribusiness leads to the addition of cash crops such as oil palm, rubber, fruits and ornamental plants which in-turn leads to an expansion in the area for agribusiness products which results in deforestation.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Development projects and growing need for food</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The growing demand for electricity, irrigation, construction, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">mining, etc. has lead to destruction of forests. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Increased </span>population needs more food which has compelled to increase the area under agriculture crops compelling deforestation.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Raw materials for industrial use</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Forest provides raw material for industry and it has exerted </span>tremendous pressure on forests. </li><li>Increasing demand for plywood has exerted pressure on cutting of other species of trees such as fir to be used as packing material for apple in J&K <span style="font-family: arial;">and tea in northeast states.</span></li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Major effects of deforestation</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Deforestation adversely affects and damages the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">environment and living beings </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Major causes of deforestation </span><span style="font-family: arial;">are<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Soil erosion and loss of soil fertility</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Decrease of rain fall due to affect of hydrological cycle</span></li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Effects of deforestation </u><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Expansion of deserts</span></li><li>Climate change and depletion of water table</li><li>Loss of biodiversity ,flora and fauna</li><li>Environmental changes and disturbance in forest ecosystems</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Effects of Jhum cultivation</u></b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Jhum Agriculture or shifting agriculture has destroyed large </span>number of hectare of forest tracts in North-Eastern states and Orissa. </li><li>Jhum agriculture is subsidence agriculture in which tract of forest land is cleared by cutting trees and it is used for cultivation. After few years, when productivity of the land decreases, cultivators abandon the land and clear next tract. </li><li>As a result of this practise, combined with increasing population there is rapid deforestation as more and more cultivators clear forest to cultivate land. </li><li>Due to increase in population there is cultivators are forced to return to previous tracts of land in relatively shorter duration, thereby the land is not allowed to regain its productivity.</li></ul></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Chipko movement</u></b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan is a social-ecological </span><span style="font-family: arial;">movement that practised the Gandhian methods of satyagraha </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and non-violent resistance, through the act of hugging trees </span><span style="font-family: arial;">to protect them from being felled. The modern Chipko movement </span><span style="font-family: arial;">started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Uttarakhand,with growing awareness towards rapid </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">deforestation. The landmark event in this struggle took place </span><span style="font-family: arial;">on March 26, 1974, when a group of peasant women in Reni </span><span style="font-family: arial;">village, Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaim </span><span style="font-family: arial;">their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">contractor system of the state Forest Department. Their </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots </span><span style="font-family: arial;">level throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement had </span><span style="font-family: arial;">spread throughout India and led to formulation of people-</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the open </span><span style="font-family: arial;">felling of trees in regions as far reaching as Vindhyas and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the Western Ghats.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Forest resources are being over-utilised due the following reasons</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Timber extraction</u></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">There has been unlimited exploitation of timber for </span><span style="font-family: arial;">commercial use. Due to increased industrial demand; timber </span><span style="font-family: arial;">extraction has significant effect on forest and tribal </span><span style="font-family: arial;">people.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Poor Logging</u><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Poor logging results in degraded forest and may lead to soil </span><span style="font-family: arial;">erosion especially on slopes.<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">New logging roads permit shifting cultivators and fuel wood </span><span style="font-family: arial;">gatherers to gain access to the logging area.<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Loss of long term forest productivity</u><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Species of plants and animals may be eliminated due to unlawful or unscientific logging techniques<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Exploitation of tribal people by contractor.<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Major effects of mining operations on forest and tribal </u></b></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Effects of mining are listed hereunder:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Mining from shallow deposits is done by surface mining while </span>that from deep deposits is done by sub-surface mining.</li><li>Mining leads to degradation of lands and loss of top soil. </li><li>Almost eighty thousands hectare land is under stress of mining activities in India</li><li>Mining leads to drying up perennial sources of water sources like spring and streams in mountainous area.</li><li>Mining and other associated activities remove vegetation along with underlying soil mantle, which results in destruction of topography and landscape in the area. </li><li>Large scale deforestation has been reported in Mussorie and Dehradun valley due to indiscriminating mining.</li><li>The forested area has declined at an average rate of 33% and the increase in non-forest area due to mining activities has resulted in relatively unstable zones leading to landslides.</li><li>Indiscriminate mining in forests of Goa since 1961 has destroyed more than 50000 ha of forest land. </li><li>Coal mining in Jharia, Raniganj and Singrauli areas has caused extensive deforestation in Jharkhand.</li><li>Mining of magnetite and soapstone have destroyed 14 ha of forest in hilly slopes of Khirakot, Kosi valley and Almora.</li><li>Mining of radioactive minerals in Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are posing similar threats of deforestation.</li><li>The rich forests of Western Ghats are also facing the same threat due to mining projects for excavation of copper, chromites, bauxite and magnetite.</li></ul></span></div>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-47017742383352335222021-07-25T12:26:00.002+05:302021-07-25T12:26:43.967+05:30Ecological succession<p style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">ECOLOGIC SUCCESSION</span></u></b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Ecologic succcession is a natural process in which structure of a biologic community changes with time.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">It is a very gradual process and imperceptible over short time scales</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Nothing remains the same and habitats are constantly changing due to natural and anthropogenic (manmade or human induced) changes</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">It may also occur suddenly due to disasters (natural or man-made)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The structure of the new community is more complex than the previous community because of introduction of new species and consequently, newer interactions.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">There are two types of succession - Primary or secondary</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Primary succession refers to community changes that occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Secondary succession refers to community changes that take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed habitat.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Succession takes place because through the processes of living, growing and reproducing. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The organisms interact with and change the environment within an area, gradually.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The changed environment gives an advantage to newer species over the native living organisms as the newer species are better adapted to the changed environment</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Succession involves the entire community</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Change in the plant species present in an area is one of the driving forces behind ecological succession</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The structure of the plant communities influences the animal species which can live in the microhabitats provided by the plants.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Succession is directional. Communities change gradually from one stage to another.</span></li></ul><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Types of ecological succession are:</span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Primary</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Secondary and </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Cyclic</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;">Succession continues finally ending up with a 'climax' community and stops there. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Climax community is the final stage.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">When large organisms in the climax community, new openings are created in which secondary succession will occur.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Thousands of different species might be involved in the community changes taking place over the course of a succession.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Factors controlling ecological succession are: </span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">the geology and history of the area, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">the climate, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">microclimate, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">weather, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">soil type and </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">other environmental factors.</span></li></ul><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Succession occurs on many different timescales, ranging from a few days to hundreds of years.</span></p>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-48087238987419462172021-06-10T23:36:00.001+05:302021-06-10T23:36:54.526+05:30Class recordings for PC331CE<p style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SEaDUYjfpk2bMb_VQ0NyHqAPzraXH4GeEZizpS5uO-c/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LIST OF LECTURE RECORDINGS FOR THE COURSE ENTITLED "ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING" OFFERED TO STUDENTS STUDYING III YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING AT OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA</a></b></p>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04231634547090580072noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-45047147278947807212021-06-03T11:35:00.001+05:302021-06-07T23:54:40.375+05:30CLASS NOTES FOR WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING<p><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jivDwKFTcnlCMJdTYGqsTYhPby9O5Ln_KSqY7v_iyzw/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> NOTES FOR WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING</a></p>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04231634547090580072noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-49601825698469113002021-03-30T11:45:00.002+05:302021-03-30T11:45:53.097+05:30Disaster Management and Methodology<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: raleway, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Here are few disaster management techniques that can be useful in reducing the damage caused:</span></p><ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-family: raleway, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 26px 40px; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Prevention is better than cure. Disaster prevention is the first and foremost thing one can do. Be prepared according to the natural disasters that may occur according to the locality/area. Know the hazards in your area and know the risk. The information about natural hazards, their occurrence and effect should be known according to the location, region, etc. Geographical information systems (GIS) play a crucial role in this criterion.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Social media is a great tool now-a-days, make use of it. Social network can help in communicating with those who are aware and can help you, before or during a disaster.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Know about your nearby community officials and government servants who can help you and your neighbors in evacuating the place and also announce a ‘mandatory evacuation’ in the hazard prone area.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Identify your nearest local media sources so that they provide valuable information and useful safety measures to people living in the area.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Make sure you have a stock of first aid kit or a go-kit that helps you and your family during a disaster. If possible make sure you have stock pile of medication, food and enough water for at least 3 days during the disaster.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">In order to make sure you are not affected by the hazards, be in touch with any of your friends or relatives who stay far from you or from the disaster hit area. So that when you are evacuated, you are least affected in any terms.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Raising your home, buying flood insurance, securing heavy furniture to the walls all are a part of mitigation, and these help in reducing or eliminating the impact caused by the disasters.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Make sure you are adaptable to the environment or surrounding that you are evacuated to, so that no day of your work is missed out in case it takes long time for your previous area where you have lived to cope up from the disaster effect.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Making use of Remote sensors in natural hazard assessments with the help of satellites or sensors mounted to aircrafts. They are very helpful in showing the evidences for occurrence and presence of the disasters according to the geographical, geological and hydrologic and natural phenomena.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;">Public awareness is the most important one in disaster management. Development, planning and management will only be possible with the people being aware of the natural hazards and safety measures that are to be followed during or before a disaster. The study or knowledge on disaster management helps in taking good decisions regarding buying homes, building and living in hazard-prone areas.</li></ol>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-6357774097535505642021-03-30T11:38:00.003+05:302021-03-30T11:38:31.761+05:30Basic Principles of Disaster Mitigation<p style="text-align: center;"><b><u>BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MITIGATION</u></b></p><p><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> is </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">defined</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> as “sustained action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards and their effects.” It describes the ongoing effort at the government and individual levels to lessen the impact of </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">disasters</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> on families, homes, communities and economy.</span></p><p><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">Disaster </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> measures may be </span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">structural (e.g. flood dikes) or </span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">non-structural (e.g. land use zoning). </span></li></ul><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">Other </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">examples of mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> measures include: </span><p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">Hazard mapping</span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices</span></li></ul><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">There are </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">three types of mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> plans: </span><p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">Local</span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">State and </span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">National</span></li></ul><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">The term </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> can be considered as part of prevention. </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Mitigation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> means to reduce the severity of the human and material damage caused by the </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">disaster</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">. Prevention is to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not result in </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">disaster</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> or emergency. </span><p></p><p><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">The mitigation strategy is made up of three main components: </span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">mitigation goals</span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">mitigation actions and an </span></li><li><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">action </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">plan</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;"> for </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">implementation</b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">. </span></li></ul><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;">This provides the framework to identify, prioritize and implement actions to reduce risk to hazards. </span><b style="color: #202124; font-family: "Google Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The <b>four</b> basic components of a risk assessment are:</b><p></p><div class="RqBzHd" style="background-color: white; padding: 0px 20px;"><ul class="i8Z77e" style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px;">Hazard identification</li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px;">Profiling of hazard events</li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px;">Inventory of assets and.</li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px;">Estimation of potential human and economic losses based on the exposure and vulnerability of people, buildings, and infrastructure.</li></ul><div style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Disaster Preparedness needs to be followed by disaster mitigation, as it is essential for providing long-term relief to the victims of disasters. Disaster mitigation involves measures to reduce the effects of disaster-causing phenomena. Mitigation involves all actions to reduce the impact of a disaster that can be taken prior to its occurrence, including preparedness and long-term sisk reduction measures. It also includes the planning and implementation of measures to reduce the risks of human-made hazards, and the process of planning for effective response to disasters. Disaster mitigation includes scientific analysis of risk assessment, social, economic, legal and technical processes in the development of mitigation measures and administrative and political processes in the application of these measures. The most important part of implementing any mitigation program is an understanding of the nature of threat. For instance, in India, different states are vulnerable to different types of hazards. Some states are prone to foods and droughts, while some are prone to earthquake, falling in highly active seismic zone (zone IV or V), Most of the states are prone to a conbination of various hazards. Mitigation is required in all types of hazards. </span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><b>DISASTER MITIGATION: THE CONCEPT</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Mitigation includes efforts or measures taken to reduce the adverse effects of disaster on people, livestock and physical structures. The aim of mitigation is to lessen the risks associated with disasters, through a combination of measures. The Government of India acts as the biggest insurer to help the population in distress due to any natilral calamity through relief and rehabilitation programmes, loans and subsidies. At this stage, a number of voluntaty agencies also come forward in</span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">a big way to help mitigate tlie disastrous effects on the population. Contingency plans are normally available with the district administration and civil defence authorities for use after every minor or major disaster. A number of government departments and institutions are engaged in activities, which are multifaceted in nature. It is a team effort.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Sustainability is the key word in the developlnent process. The compounded costs of disasters relating to loss of life, assets, economic activities, and cost of reconstruction of not only assets but of lives can scarcely be borne by any commnunity or nation. Therefore, all development schemes in vulnerable areas should include disaster mitigation analysis, whereby the feasibility of any projet is assessed with respect to vulnerability of the area and the mitigation measures required For</span></div><div><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">sustainability. Environmental protection, afforestation programs, pollution control, construction of earthquake-resistant structures etc., should therefore be given high priority in the plans.</span></div></div></div>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-89429922989095428332021-03-25T13:02:00.002+05:302021-03-25T13:02:23.241+05:30Environment Protection Act<p style="text-align: center;"> <b><u>ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT</u></b></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #565656; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14.28px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">The Environment (Protection) Act, </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">was passed in </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">1986</span> </li><ul><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It authorizes the central government to protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It prohibits the setting and /or operation of any industrial facility on environmental grounds.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities responsible for preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country. </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Act was last amended in 1991.</li></ul><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Environment (Protection) Rules lay down procedures for setting standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #565656; font-family: Lato, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.28px;">Aside from the Air act and water act, this act acts as an umbrella covering all aspects of the environment</span></span></div>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-40115585518624108342020-12-22T23:08:00.001+05:302020-12-22T23:08:28.823+05:30Producers, Consumers and Decomposers<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Copy Of Producers, Consumers, And Decomposers - Lessons - Blendspace" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ecosystemunit-100205171038-phpapp02/95/ecosystem-unit-14-728.jpg?cb=1265389870" style="height: 411px; margin: 0px; width: 548px;" /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" class="wp-image-3716 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="3716" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="types of consumers" data-large-file="https://fitz6.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/types-of-consumers.jpg?w=640" data-medium-file="https://fitz6.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/types-of-consumers.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://fitz6.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/types-of-consumers.jpg" data-orig-size="728,546" data-permalink="https://fitz6.wordpress.com/2018/11/30/friday-november-30th-types-of-consumers/types-of-consumers/" height="480" src="https://fitz6.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/types-of-consumers.jpg?w=471&h=353" width="640" /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Decomposers, Producers, and Scavengers - Food Chains:THE REAL STORY" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" src="https://foodchainstherealstory.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/8/4/28841775/7329669.gif?841" style="height: 411px; margin: 0px; width: 542.83px;" /> <br /></p>Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-1756256945961809432020-04-15T19:08:00.001+05:302020-04-15T19:08:36.060+05:30Assignment Questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b>ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS</b></u></div>
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<u>ASSIGNMENT # 01</u></div>
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UNIT - I </div>
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Q1. Define and list the scope of environmental sciences </div>
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Q2. Describe briefly the effects of modern agriculture</div>
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UNIT - II</div>
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Q1. Sketch the structure and concept of an ecosystem</div>
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Q2. Sketch the various zones in an aquatic ecosystem (Ponds, Lakes, River and ocean)</div>
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<u>ASSIGNMENT # 02</u></div>
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UNIT - III</div>
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Q1.Describe briefly the biogeographic zones in India</div>
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Q2.Sketch the various values of biodiversity with relevant examples</div>
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UNIT - IV</div>
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Q1. List the various effects of air pollution on plants</div>
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Q2. Describe point source and non point source water pollution with examples</div>
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UNIT - V</div>
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Q1. Draw the disaster management cycle</div>
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Q2. Describe watershed management</div>
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Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-74476938578839492072018-04-20T12:19:00.002+05:302018-04-20T12:19:38.896+05:30Liquid waste management - Types and treatment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><u>LIQUID WASTE</u></b><br />
Liquid waste can be defined as such Liquids as wastewater, fats, oils or grease (FOG), used oil, liquids, solids, gases, or sludges and hazardous household liquids. These liquids that are hazardous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. They can also be discarded commercial products classified as “Liquid Industrial Waste” such as cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of manufacturing processes. <br />
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<u>Types of Industrial Wastewater</u><br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Inorganic wastewater</li>
<li>Organic wastewater</li>
<li>Listed hazardous wastewater</li>
<li>Industrial wastewater with heavy metals</li>
<li>Industrial wastewater with organics</li>
<li>Non-hazardous wastewater</li>
<li>Oil and water mixtures</li>
</ul>
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<u>Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technologies</u><br />
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<ul>
<li>Chemical oxidation and reduction</li>
<li>Acid/Base neutralization</li>
<li>Chemical precipitation of metals</li>
<li>Flocculation</li>
<li>Filtration</li>
<li>Carbon adsorption</li>
<li>Supercritical fluid extraction</li>
<li>Biological treatment</li>
<li>Oil/Water separation</li>
<li>Stabilization through encapsulation</li>
</ul>
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Liquid wastes are not suitable for disposal to any class of landfill because they:<br />
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<ul>
<li>increase the volume of leachate generated and requiring treatment and/or disposal</li>
<li>can result in increased odour nuisance</li>
<li>can reduce the stability of the refuse mass under certain conditions.</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Liquid waste encompasses all waste in liquid form, it includes both waste produced as a liquid and waste that has been converted into a liquid for handling. Similarly, it includes both liquid waste that emerges from a single source such as industrial wastes being pumped out through pipes and liquid waste that has no single source such as run-off caused by rainfall. Other common examples of liquid waste include both human and animal excreta plus household wastewater coming from bathing, dishwashing, and a range of other domestic activities.</div>
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Liquid waste can be removed by:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>-Containment: In this case, the waste is stored either in barrels or tanks that can be picked up by waste management services</li>
<li>-Treatment: In this case the liquids are treated before disposal. The treatment technology adopted depends upon the composition of the liquid waste. Organic wastes are composted whereas non-hazardous liquid wastes have their water content extracted.</li>
<li>-Disposal: The liquid wastes after treatment are either dumped in landfills, incinerated or converted into new products that can be reused.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com88tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-67049947006721903172017-11-29T12:15:00.001+05:302017-11-29T12:23:20.452+05:30Diagrammatic representation of Ecosystem Services<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com78tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-15085848136470019092017-04-16T15:30:00.017+05:302021-07-25T14:37:38.669+05:30INDEX1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/12/useful-study-technique.html">How to study - tips</a></b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/11/brain-food.html">Brain food</a></b></u><br />
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<br />
<u><b>UNIT - i</b></u><br />
<u><b>Environmental studies: </b></u><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/es-definition-scope-importance-need-for.html">Definition, scope and importance, need for public awareness.</a><br />
<u>Natural resources: </u><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/natural-resources-water-resources.html">Water resources; use and over utilization of surface and ground water</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/natural-resources-floods.html">Floods</a>, <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/natural-resources-droughts.html">drought</a>, <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/conflicts-over-water.html">conflicts over water</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/dams-benefits-and-problems.html">Dams: Benefits and problems</a>.<br />
Effects of modem agriculture:<br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/agriculture-effects-of-modern-methods.html">Fertilizer-pesticide problems</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/agriculture-effects-of-modern-methods.html">water logging and salinity</a>.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/effects-of-modern-agriculture.html">Additional notes on effects of effects of modern agriculture</a><br />
<u>Energy resources:</u><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/energy-resources.html">Growing energy needs</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/renewable-energy-sources.html"><span id="goog_158826765"></span></a><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/renewable-energy-sources.html" target="_blank">Renewable</a><span id="goog_158826766"></span> and <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/non-renewable-energy-sources.html">nonrenewable energy sources</a><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/non-renewable-energy-sources.html">.</a><br />
<u>Land Resources:</u><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/land-as-resource.html">Land as a resource,</a> <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/land-degradation-soil-erosion-and.html">land degradation</a>, <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/land-degradation-soil-erosion-and.html">soil erosion</a> and <a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/desertification.html">desertification</a>.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2021/07/forest-resources-and-effects-of-mining.html">Forest resources and effects of mining</a><br />
<br />
<u><b>UNIT - ii</b></u><br />
<u><b>Ecosystems:</b></u> <br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/09/es-notes-for-unit-ii.html" target="_blank">Concept of an ecosystem</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2017/03/concept-of-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Diagram depicting the concept of an ecosystem</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/structure-and-function-of-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Structure and functions of an ecosystem</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2017/11/diagrammatic-representation-of.html">Diagrammatic representation of Ecosystem Services</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/02/schematic-representation-of-structure.html" target="_blank">Diagrammatic representation of the structure of an ecosystem</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2020/12/producers-consumers-and-decomposers.html" target="_blank">Producers, consumers and decomposers</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Energy flow in ecosystem.</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2017/04/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html">Diagrams of Single channel, Y-shaped and Universal model of energy flow with discussion</a> <br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/food-chains-vs-food-webs.html" target="_blank">Food chains, Food webs</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/09/ecological-pyramids.html" target="_blank">Ecological pyramids</a><br />
Aquatic ecosystem (<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-ponds.html" target="_blank">ponds</a>, <a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-river-or-stream.html" target="_blank">streams</a>, <a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-lakes.html" target="_blank">lakes</a>, <a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-river-or-stream.html" target="_blank">rivers</a>, <a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-oceans.html" target="_blank">oceans</a>, <a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-estuaries.html" target="_blank">estuaries</a>).<br />
<br />
<u><b>UNIT - iii</b></u><br />
<u><b>Biodiversity:</b></u><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/biodiversity-genetic-species-and.html" target="_blank">Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/biogeographical-classification-of-india.html" target="_blank">Biogeographical classification of India</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/functions-of-biodiversity-vaue-of.html" target="_blank">Functions, Values and threats to biodiversity</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/endangered-and-endemic-species-of-india.html" target="_blank">Endangered and endemic species of India</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/conservation-of-biodiversity.html" target="_blank">Conservation of biodiversity</a><br />
<br />
<u><b>UNIT - iv</b></u><br />
<u><b>Environmental Pollution:</b></u><br />
Causes, effects and control measures of<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/air-pollution-causes-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Air pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/water-pollution-types-effects-sources.html" target="_blank">Water pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/soil-pollution-types-effects-sources.html" target="_blank">Soil pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/noise-pollution-causes-types-effects.html" target="_blank">Noise pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/thermal-pollution-causes-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Thermal pollution</a></li>
</ol>
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/thermal-pullution-source-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Solid waste management</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2018/04/liquid-waste-management-types-and.html">Liquid waste management</a><br />
Environmental legislation:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/09/environment-protection-act-1986.html" target="_blank">Environment Protection Act</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/11/salient-features-of-environmental-acts.html" target="_blank">Salient features of Air Act, Water Act, Forest & wildlife act</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/issues-involved-in-enforcement-of.html" target="_blank">Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation</a></li>
</ul>
<u><b>UNIT - v</b></u><br />
<u>Social Aspects and the Environment:</u><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/water-conservation.html" target="_blank">Water conservation </a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/11/watershed-management.html" target="_blank">Watershed management</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/11/rain-water-harvesting.html" target="_blank">Rainwater harvesting</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/envionmental-ethics.html" target="_blank">Environmental ethics</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/climate-change-causes-and-effects.html" target="_blank">Climate change</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/global-warming-definition-effects.html" target="_blank">Global warming</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/acid-rain-formation-effects-and-control.html" target="_blank">Acid rain</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/ozone-layer-depletion.html" target="_blank">Ozone layer depletion</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2021/03/environment-protection-act.html" target="_blank">Environmental protection act</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/population-explosion.html" target="_blank">Population explosion</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<u>Disaster management:</u><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/types-of-disasters.html" target="_blank">Typ<span></span>es of disasters</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/impact-of-disasters-on-environment.html" target="_blank">Impact of disasters on environment, infrastructure, and development</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2021/03/basic-principles-of-disaster-mitigation.html" target="_blank">Basic principles of disaster mitigation</a><br />
<a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2021/03/disaster-management-and-methodology.html" target="_blank">Disaster management, and methodology</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/11/disaster-management-cycle.html" target="_blank">Disaster management cycle</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/disaster-management-in-india.html" target="_blank">Disaster management in India.</a><br />
<br />
<u><b><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/12/question-paper-for-environmental.html" target="_blank">Previous years qu<span></span>estion papers</a></b></u><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/06/important-questions-and-answers.html" target="_blank">Solutions to selected important questions</a> -i<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/09/important-questions-i.html" target="_blank">Solutions to selected important questions</a> - ii<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/09/important-questions-ii.html" target="_blank">Solutions to selected important questions</a> - iii<br />
<br />
<u><b><a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/04/question-bank.html" target="_blank">Important questions covering entire syllabus</a></b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Miscellaneous topics</b></u><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/04/natural-capital.html" target="_blank">Natural capital</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/04/environmentally-sustainable-city.html" target="_blank">Environmentally sustainable city</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2014/12/answers-to-environmental-studies.html" target="_blank">Bio gas, Solar desalination and Eco-labeling</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2021/07/ecological-succession.html">Ecological succession</a><br />
<br />
<u><b>References</b></u><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>A. K. De, Environmental Chemistry, New Age Publications, 2002. </li>
<li>E.P. Odom, Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Sunders Co., USA.<br />GL. Karia and R.A. Christian, </li>
<li>Waste Water Treatment, Concepts and Design Approach, Prentice Hall of India, 2005.</li>
<li>Benny Joseph, Environmental Studies, Tata McGrawHill, 2005</li>
<li>V.K. Sharma, Disaster Management, National Centre for Disaster Management, IIPE, Delhi, 1999.</li><li>Principles of Environmental Science - Cunningham, William; Cunningham, Mary</li><li> Environmental Science - Daniel D. Chiras</li><li>Essentials of Environmental Science - Friedland, Andrew; Relyea, Rick</li><li>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 2ND EDN - Heinke Henry</li><li>Environmental Science (Jntu Hyderabad), Fourth Edition - Anubha Kaushik</li><li>Environmental Engineering Science - Nazaroff</li><li>Introduction To Environmental Science And Engineering ,2Ed - A.k Amal Datta</li><li>Environmental Science - S.K. Tiwari</li><li>Introduction to Environmental Science - Joseph M. & Michael D. Morgan Moran</li><li>Basics of Environmental Science - Michael Alla<b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b> </b></b> </b></b> </b></b> </b></b> </b></b>
<br /><b></b> </b> </li>
</ol>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-40514392509289492822017-04-10T04:54:00.001+05:302020-04-22T15:54:35.044+05:30Energy flow in an ecosystem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<u><b>Discussion</b></u>:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The first diagram above shows the "SINGLE CHANNEL MODEL OF ENERGY FLOW"</li>
<li>In this model, the energy is shown to move across various trophic levels in a linear fashion with only a small amount of energy being transferred to subsequent trophic levels, a small part being used for the organisms for metabolic activities like respiration, digestion, hunting, etc and a major part of the energy being lost to the environment as heat</li>
<li>Upon death, both plants and animals are decomposed by the decomposers or saprotrophs that live in the soil.</li>
<li>These decomposers remove the last energy from the living organisms. They also decompose the remains of the organisms to release the nutrients into the soil.</li>
<li>The second diagram represents the universal model of energy flow where a species population is represented by energy inputs and links with other species as a conventional species oriented food web diagram.</li>
<li>It is applicable to any living component</li>
<li>The model represents a species population in which appropriate energy inputs and links with other species would be shown as a conventional, species oriented food web diagram.</li>
<li>The model also represents a discrete energy level where biomass and energy channels represent all or part of many populations supported by the same source</li>
<li>The 'Y' shaped or two channel energy flow model, shows the symbiotic relationship between the consumers in the grazing food chain and the decomposers in the detritus food chain.</li>
<li>In all the energy flow models, it is seen that the "SUN" is the PRIMARY SOURCE of energy and the FATE of ALL ENERGY is for it to be LOST AS HEAT to the ecosystem. This follows the fundamental LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY that states that "ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED BUT CAN ONLY BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER"</li>
<li>However, <i>chemotrophs</i> that lie at the bottom of the ocean use chemical reactions to derive energy as sunlight cannot penetrate to those depths</li>
</ul>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-39170922300983020222017-03-04T23:07:00.002+05:302020-12-15T15:27:03.765+05:30Concept of an ecosystem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b>CONCEPT OF AN ECOSYSTEM</b></u><br />
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Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com515tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-43569146156345959012015-11-19T20:29:00.004+05:302017-11-17T14:12:44.905+05:30Rain water Harvesting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is the process of collecting, conveying & storing water from rainfall.<br />
The following methodologies are adopted for rain water harvesting:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Roof Rain Water Harvesting</li>
<li>Land based Rain Water Harvesting</li>
<li>Watershed based Rain Water harvesting</li>
<li>For Urban & Industrial Environment</li>
<ul>
<li>Roof & Land based RWH</li>
<li>Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings</li>
<li>Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces</li>
</ul>
</ul>
The advantages of Rain Water Harvesting are:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It provides self-sufficiency to water supply</li>
<li>It Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water</li>
<li>It Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals</li>
<li>It Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged</li>
<li>It Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas</li>
<li>The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive &easy to construct, operate and maintain</li>
<li>In deserts, RWH the only relief</li>
<li>In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain waterprovides good quality water</li>
</ul>
<br />
Rainwater Harvesting helps in the following ways:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It helps arrest ground water decline and augments groundwater table.</li>
<li>It improves water quality in aquifers</li>
<li>It helps conserve surface water runoff during monsoon</li>
<li>It helps reduce soil erosion</li>
<li>It instills a culture of water conservation.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Surface runoff harvesting :- In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods </li>
<li>Roof top rainwater harvesting:- It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting,the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system.This method is less expensive and very effective and ifimplemented properly helps in augmenting the groundwater level of the area</li>
</ul>
<br />
Rooftops are favoured becauseof the large coefficient of run-offgenerated from them andrelatively less likelihood of theircontamination.<br />
The water that leaves the rooftop may be 65 – 90% of the water that falls on it Roof material absorbs some water Evaporation losses More water loss if roof is flat<br />
the water transported from the catchment surface to the storage tank<br />
<br />
<u>THE COMPONENTS OF ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING</u><br />
FILTER AND FIRST FLUSH DEVICES remove grit, leaves and dirt that the rainwater may transport from the catchment, before the water enters the storage tank.<br />
A first flush device diverts the water from the first rain so that it does not enter the storage tank.<br />
A filter can be prepared using gravel sand, charcoal and gravel.<br />
The first rain carries with it a lot of filth from the rooftop and dissolved air pollutants. This rainwater should be diverted away from the storage tank using a first flush device.<br />
DELIVERY SYSTEM that convey the store drain water till the point of end-use. It is not recommended to use harvested rainwater for drinking, cooking and dish washing<br />
From the simplest ground level tank, surface lined ponds and large lakes there are many storage options depending on the context of the rainwater harvesting design.<br />
Above ground, Ground level or Intermediate floor level Save on pumping cost<br />
Excess water can be diverted into a groundwater recharge system<br />
<br />
Water obtained from RWH can be:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Stored for direct use</li>
<li>Used to recharge ground water aquifers</li>
<li>Used to recharge bore wells</li>
<li>Used to recharge Pits</li>
<li>Used to soak away or recharge shafts</li>
<li>Used to recharge dug wells</li>
<li>Used to recharge trenches</li>
<li>Used as percolation tanks</li>
</ol>
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Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com34tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-90390138362731392622015-09-13T16:59:00.001+05:302017-02-25T02:21:15.319+05:30Environmental Ethics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
There is an urgent need to inculcate sensitivity towards environmental degradation among people by fostering environmental ethical values. Environmental Ethics attempts to define what is right and what is wrong regardless of cultural differences. We human beings have a fundamental duty towards nature to respect and care for the Earth, protect life-support systems, biodiversity and ensure sustainable development.<br />
The following are the environmental ethical values to be inculcated:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Environmental consciousness</li>
<li>Humility and reverence</li>
<li>Responsibility and commitment</li>
<li>Respect for all forms of life and landscape</li>
<li>Global environmental citizenship</li>
<li>Self-reliance</li>
<li>Adoption of eco-friendly culture</li>
<li>Preservation of diversity on the planet</li>
<li>Sharing a common environment</li>
</ul>
<div>
The spectrum of environmental activities for inculcating environmental ethical values are:</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Using recycled paper for notes and circulars</li>
<li>Diverting wastes from kitchen to the garden</li>
<li>Switching off unnecessary lights</li>
<li>Using bicycles or walking</li>
<li>Using public transport systems</li>
<li>Collecting rainwater</li>
<li>Avoiding usage of freshwater for gardening</li>
<li>Using cloth towels instead of paper towels</li>
<li>Avoiding unnecessary outdoor lighting</li>
<li>Organizing tree-plantation campaigns</li>
<li>Reducing volume of radio and television to reasonable levels</li>
<li>Listening to radio programs on environment and its problems</li>
<li>Organizing eco-clubs</li>
<li>Placing trash cans and dustbins around the college premises</li>
<li>Observing Environment day on 5th June and Earth day on 22nd April</li>
<li>Planting trees in and around the campus</li>
<li>Encouraging healthy lifestyles through balanced nutrition, exercise and yoga</li>
<li>Helping enforce environment protection laws</li>
<li>Staging short plays on environmental crisis to create environmental awareness</li>
<li>Conserving energy resources by avoiding unnecessary wastage of energy</li>
<li>Cutting and displaying pictures and newspaper cuttings depicting environmental crisis</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com45tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-16408275765071835662015-05-09T11:55:00.001+05:302017-04-10T04:57:58.954+05:30INDEX<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/04/natural-capital.html" target="_blank">Natural Capital</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/04/natural-capital.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/04/environmentally-sustainable-city.html" target="_blank">Environmentally sustainable City</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/04/environmentally-sustainable-city.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/02/schematic-representation-of-structure.html" target="_blank">Schematic representation of Structure of an Ecosystem</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/02/schematic-representation-of-structure.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/12/question-paper-for-environmental.html" target="_blank">Question paper for Environmental Studies (9030) On 10 Dec 2014</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/12/question-paper-for-environmental.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/12/answers-to-environmental-studies.html" target="_blank">Answers to Environmental Studies Questions</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/12/answers-to-environmental-studies.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/09/environmental-ethics.html" target="_blank">ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2015/09/environmental-ethics.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/disaster-management.html" target="_blank">Disaster Management</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/disaster-management.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/disaster-management-cycle.html" target="_blank">DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/disaster-management-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/impact-of-disasters.html" target="_blank">IMPACT OF DISASTERS</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/impact-of-disasters.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/population-growth.html" target="_blank">POPULATION GROWTH</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/population-growth.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/watershed-management.html" target="_blank">WATERSHED MANAGEMENT</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/watershed-management.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/salient-features-of-environmental-acts.html" target="_blank">SALIENT FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS IN INDIA</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/11/salient-features-of-environmental-acts.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/noise-pollution.html" target="_blank">NOISE POLLUTION</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/noise-pollution.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/soil-pollution.html" target="_blank">SOIL POLLUTION</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/soil-pollution.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/environmental-studies-biodiversity.html" target="_blank">Environmental Studies - Biodiversity, Environmental Pollution and Legislation along with miscellaneous topics</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/10/environmental-studies-biodiversity.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/natural-resources-water-resources.html" target="_blank">Natural resources: Water resources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/natural-resources-water-resources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/ecological-pyramids.html" target="_blank">Ecological pyramids</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/ecological-pyramids.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Energy flow in an ecosystem</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2017/04/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Energy flow in an ecosystem - Single channel and Universal flow models</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2017/04/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/structure-and-function-of-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">Structure and Function of an Ecosystem</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/structure-and-function-of-ecosystem.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/food-chains-vs-food-webs.html" target="_blank">Food chains Vs Food webs</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/food-chains-vs-food-webs.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/agriculture-effects-of-modern-methods.html" target="_blank">Agriculture - Effects of modern methods and options</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/agriculture-effects-of-modern-methods.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/natural-resources-land-resources.html" target="_blank">Natural resources - Land resources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/09/natural-resources-land-resources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/multidisciplinary-nature-of.html" target="_blank">Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/multidisciplinary-nature-of.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/environmental-studies-need-for-public.html" target="_blank">Environmental Studies - The need for public awareness</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/environmental-studies-need-for-public.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/scope-of-environment.html" target="_blank">SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENT</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/08/scope-of-environment.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/four-basic-principles-of-ecology.html" target="_blank">Four basic principles of ecology</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/four-basic-principles-of-ecology.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/importance-of-environmental-studies.html" target="_blank">Importance of Environmental Studies</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/importance-of-environmental-studies.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/environmental-studies-introduction.html" target="_blank">Environmental Studies - Introduction</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/environmental-studies-introduction.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html" target="_blank">ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/07/energy-flow-in-ecosystem.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/environmental-studies-syllabus-osmania.html" target="_blank">Environmental Studies Syllabus (Osmania University)</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/environmental-studies-syllabus-osmania.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/important-questions-and-answers.html" target="_blank">Important questions and answers</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/important-questions-and-answers.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/multidisciplinary-nature-of.html" target="_blank">Multidisciplinary nature of environmental science</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/multidisciplinary-nature-of.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-carbon-cycle-in.html" target="_blank">Biogeochemical cycles - Carbon cycle in brief</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-carbon-cycle-in.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-sulphur-cycle.html" target="_blank">Biogeochemical cycles: Sulphur cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-sulphur-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-oxygen-cycle.html" target="_blank">Biogeochemical cycles - Oxygen cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-oxygen-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-nitrogen-cycle.html" target="_blank">Biogeochemical cycles - Nitrogen cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-nitrogen-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-phosphorus-cycle.html" target="_blank">Biogeochemical cycles: Phosphorus cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-phosphorus-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/the-water-cycle.html" target="_blank">The Water Cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/the-water-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/04/question-bank.html" target="_blank">Question Bank</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/04/question-bank.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/disaster-management-in-india.html" target="_blank">Disaster management in India</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/disaster-management-in-india.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/issues-involved-in-enforcement-of.html" target="_blank">Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/issues-involved-in-enforcement-of.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/acid-rain-formation-effects-and-control.html" target="_blank">Acid rain - Formation, Effects and Control measures</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/acid-rain-formation-effects-and-control.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/ozone-layer-depletion.html" target="_blank">Ozone layer depletion</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/ozone-layer-depletion.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/global-warming-definition-effects.html" target="_blank">Global warming - Definition, Effects, Control and Remedial measures</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/global-warming-definition-effects.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/climate-change-causes-and-effects.html" target="_blank">Climate change - causes and effects</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/climate-change-causes-and-effects.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/envionmental-ethics.html" target="_blank">Envionmental ethics</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/envionmental-ethics.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/population-explosion.html" target="_blank">Population Explosion</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/population-explosion.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/watershed-management.html" target="_blank">Watershed management</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/watershed-management.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/water-conservation.html" target="_blank">Water conservation</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/water-conservation.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/thermal-pullution-source-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Solid waste management - sources, effects and methods of disposal</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/thermal-pullution-source-effects-and.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/thermal-pollution-causes-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Thermal pollution - causes, effects and control measures of thermal pollution</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/thermal-pollution-causes-effects-and.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/noise-pollution-causes-types-effects.html" target="_blank">Noise pollution - Causes, types, effects and control of noise pollution</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/noise-pollution-causes-types-effects.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/soil-pollution-types-effects-sources.html" target="_blank">Soil pollution - Types, effects, sources and control of soil pollution</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/soil-pollution-types-effects-sources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/water-pollution-types-effects-sources.html" target="_blank">Water pollution - types, effects, sources and control of water pollution</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/water-pollution-types-effects-sources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/air-pollution-causes-effects-and.html" target="_blank">Air Pollution - causes, effects and control measures</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/air-pollution-causes-effects-and.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/environmental-pollution.html" target="_blank">Environmental Pollution</a><br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/environmental-pollution.html">http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/environmental-pollution.html</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/endangered-and-endemic-species-of-india.html" target="_blank">Endangered and Endemic species of India</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/endangered-and-endemic-species-of-india.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/conservation-of-biodiversity.html" target="_blank">Conservation of biodiversity</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/conservation-of-biodiversity.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/functions-of-biodiversity-vaue-of.html" target="_blank">Functions of biodiversity, Vaue of biodiversity and threats to biodiversity</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/functions-of-biodiversity-vaue-of.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/biogeographical-classification-of-india.html" target="_blank">Biogeographical classification of India</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/biogeographical-classification-of-india.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/biodiversity-genetic-species-and.html" target="_blank">Biodiversity - Genetic, Species and Ecosystem diversity</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/biodiversity-genetic-species-and.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-estuaries.html" target="_blank">Aquatic ecosystems - Estuaries</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-estuaries.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-oceans.html" target="_blank">Aquatic ecosystem - Oceans</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-oceans.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-river-or-stream.html" target="_blank">Aquatic Ecosystems - River or Stream</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-river-or-stream.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-lakes.html" target="_blank">Aquatic ecosystems - Lakes</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystems-lakes.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-ponds.html" target="_blank">Aquatic ecosystem-Ponds</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/aquatic-ecosystem-ponds.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/ecological-pyramids.html" target="_blank">Ecological Pyramids</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/ecological-pyramids.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/desertification.html" target="_blank">Desertification</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/desertification.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/land-degradation-soil-erosion-and.html" target="_blank">Land degradation- Land slides, Soil erosion and Desertification</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/land-degradation-soil-erosion-and.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/land-as-resource.html" target="_blank">Land as a Resource</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/land-as-resource.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/alternate-renewable-energy-sources.html" target="_blank">Alternate Renewable Energy Sources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/alternate-renewable-energy-sources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/non-renewable-energy-sources.html" target="_blank">Non-renewable energy sources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/non-renewable-energy-sources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/renewable-energy-sources.html" target="_blank">Renewable energy sources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/renewable-energy-sources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/energy-resources.html" target="_blank">Energy resources, Growing energy needs, Renewable and non-renewable energy sources</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/energy-resources.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/effects-of-modern-agriculture.html" target="_blank">Effects of modern agriculture - Fertilizer Pesticide problems, Water logging, Salinity</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/effects-of-modern-agriculture.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/dams-benefits-and-problems.html" target="_blank">Dams - Benefits and problems</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/dams-benefits-and-problems.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/conflicts-over-water.html" target="_blank">Conflicts over water</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/conflicts-over-water.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-droughts.html" target="_blank">Natural resources: Droughts</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-droughts.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-floods.html" target="_blank">Natural resources-Floods</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-floods.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-water-resources.html" target="_blank">Natural resources: Water resources - Use and Over-use</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/natural-resources-water-resources.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/es-definition-scope-importance-need-for.html" target="_blank">Environmental Studies - Definition, scope & importance, need for public awareness</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/es-definition-scope-importance-need-for.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/kyoto-protocol.html" target="_blank">Kyoto Protocol</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/10/kyoto-protocol.html<br />
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<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-floods.html" target="_blank">Disaster management - Floods</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-floods.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-landslides.html" target="_blank">Disaster management - Landslides</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-landslides.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-earthquakes.html" target="_blank">Disaster management - Earthquakes</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/disaster-management-earthquakes.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/forest-conservation-act-1980.html" target="_blank">Forest conservation act, 1980</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/forest-conservation-act-1980.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/wildlife-protection-act-1972.html" target="_blank">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/wildlife-protection-act-1972.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/water-prevention-and-control-of.html" target="_blank">Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/water-prevention-and-control-of.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/air-prevention-and-control-of-pollution.html" target="_blank">Air (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1981</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/air-prevention-and-control-of-pollution.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/environment-protection-act-1986.html" target="_blank">Environment Protection Act, 1986</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/environment-protection-act-1986.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/important-questions-ii.html" target="_blank">Important questions-ii</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/important-questions-ii.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/important-questions-i.html" target="_blank">Important questions-i</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/important-questions-i.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/biodiversity-biodiversity-or-biological.html" target="_blank">Biodiversity</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/09/biodiversity-biodiversity-or-biological.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/11/rain-water-harvesting.html" target="_blank">Rainwater Harvesting</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2015/11/rain-water-harvesting.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/the-water-cycle.html" target="_blank">The Water Cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/the-water-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-sulphur-cycle.html" target="_blank">The Sulphur cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-sulphur-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-phosphorus-cycle.html" target="_blank">The Phosphorus cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-phosphorus-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-oxygen-cycle.html" target="_blank">Oxygen cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-oxygen-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-nitrogen-cycle.html" target="_blank">The Nitrogen cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-nitrogen-cycle.html<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-carbon-cycle-in.html" target="_blank">The Carbon cycle</a><br />
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2014/06/biogeochemical-cycles-carbon-cycle-in.html</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-49304745646198645702015-04-06T13:53:00.005+05:302015-04-06T13:53:36.609+05:30Natural Capital<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Natural capital is the sum of natural resources and natural services. Examples of natural resources and natural services are listed below:<br />
<br />
<b><u>Natural resources:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Air</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Land</li>
<li>Soil</li>
<li>Life (Biodiversity)</li>
<li>Non renewable minerals (Iron, Copper, Sand)</li>
<li>Renewable energy (Sun, Wind, Flowing water) and</li>
<li>Non renewable energy (Fossil fuels, Nuclear power)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b><u>Natural services:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Air purification</li>
<li>Water purification</li>
<li>Soil renewal</li>
<li>Nutrient recycling</li>
<li>Food production</li>
<li>Pollination</li>
<li>Grassland renewal</li>
<li>Forest renewal</li>
<li>Waster treatment</li>
<li>Climate control</li>
<li>Population control (Species interaction) and</li>
<li>Pest control</li>
</ul>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com111tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-73773952308977628122015-04-06T13:52:00.000+05:302015-04-06T13:52:01.741+05:30Environmentally sustainable City<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
An envitonmentally sustainable city or ecocity or green city emphasizes the following points:<br />
<br />
Preventing pollution and reducing waste<br />
Using resources and matter resources efficiently<br />
Recycling, reusing and composting atleast 60% of all municipal solid waste<br />
Using solar and other locally available, renewable energy resources<br />
Protecting and encouraging biodiversity by preserving surrounding land<br />
<br />
The following are examples of green cities in the world:<br />
Curitiba (Brazil)<br />
Waitakere city (New Zealand)<br />
Leicester (England)<br />
Portland (Oregon, USA)<br />
Davis (California, USA)<br />
Olympia (Washington, USA)<br />
Chattanooga (Tennessee, USA)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-112176927057005282015-02-04T15:16:00.000+05:302015-02-04T15:16:25.860+05:30Schematic representation of Structure of an Ecosystem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnk7zDzu5xx0l2allCgsC4sFNMsgDt5xprDh64ekGpduUnYtyW3voRjEssu3vkesDmBs4nEdpeFOoGujDPFWd0HK-5sfcsrH9NaH_SWyMXGQP0vI_nEhexzmw4x2APeCPM0e0zfPe_wAMg/s1600/EcosystemStructure.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnk7zDzu5xx0l2allCgsC4sFNMsgDt5xprDh64ekGpduUnYtyW3voRjEssu3vkesDmBs4nEdpeFOoGujDPFWd0HK-5sfcsrH9NaH_SWyMXGQP0vI_nEhexzmw4x2APeCPM0e0zfPe_wAMg/s1600/EcosystemStructure.bmp" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-76721806792000008192014-12-12T11:00:00.000+05:302014-12-12T11:00:34.876+05:30Answers to Environmental Studies Questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Biogas</b> typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of many organic matter in the absence of some oxygen. Biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste. It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.<br />
<br />
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. It is primarily methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide, moisture and siloxanes.<br />
<br />
The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide can be oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.<br />
<br />
Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.<br />
<br />
<b>Solar desalination</b> is a technique to desalinate water using solar energy. There are two basic methods of achieving desalination using this technique; direct and indirect.<br />
In the direct method, a solar collector is coupled with a distilling mechanism and the process is carried out in one simple cycle. Water production by direct method solar distillation is proportional to the area of the solar surface and incidence angle. Because of the relatively high cost of property and material for construction direct method distillation tends to favor plants with production capacities less than 200m3/day.<br />
<br />
Indirect solar desalination employs two separate systems; a solar collection array, consisting of photovoltaic and/or fluid based thermal collectors, and a separate conventional desalination plant. Production by indirect method is dependent on the efficiency of the plant and the cost per unit produced is generally reduced by an increase in scale. Many different plant arrangements include but are not limited to Multiple Effect Humidification (MEH), Multiple Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multiple Effect Distillation (MED), Multiple Effect Boiling (MEB), Humidification Dehumidification (HDH), Reverse Osmosis (RO), and Freeze effect distillation.<br />
<br />
<b>Eco-labeling</b> Eco-labels and Green Stickers are labeling systems for food and consumer products. Ecolabels are voluntary, but green stickers are mandated by law. They are a form of sustainability measurement directed at consumers, intended to make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping. Some labels quantify pollution or energy consumption by way of index scores or units of measurement; others simply assert compliance with a set of practices or minimum requirements for sustainability or reduction of harm to the environment.<br />
<br />
Ecolabelling systems exist for both food and consumer products. Both systems were started by NGOs, since then the European Union have developed legislation for conduct of ecolabelling and also have created their own ecolabels, one for food and one for consumer products. Label trust is an issue for consumers.</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-17490752020882095862014-12-12T10:39:00.000+05:302014-12-12T10:40:08.357+05:30ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SYLLABUS (OSMANIA UNIVERSITY) Applicable for B.A./B.Sc./B.Com./Five year LLB courses)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
UNIT 1<br />
Environmental studies - Introduction, Definition, scope and importance, measuring and defining environmental development indicators<br />
Basic principles of ecosystem functioning - Concept of an ecosystem, structure and function of an ecosystem, producers, consumers and decomposers - energy flow in an ecosystem, food chains, food webs and food pyramids. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of:<br />
-Forest ecosystem<br />
-Desert ecosystem<br />
-Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, estuaries and oceans)<br />
Biodiversity and its conservation - Introduction, Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Biogeographical classification of India. Value of biodiversity - consumptive and predictive use, social, ethical and optional value. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels. Hotspots of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity - habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts, India sa a mega-diversity nation, Endangered and endemic species of India. Conservation of biodiversity (In-situ and ex-situ conservation)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
UNIT 2<br />
Environment and natural resources - Forest resources (use and over-exploitation), deforestation, timber extraction, mining and dams - their effects on forests and tribal people. Case studies. Water resources use and over-utilization of surface and ground water. Floods, droughts, Conflicts over water, Dams - benefits and demerits. Mineral resources - use and exploitation. Effects of extracting and using mineral resources. Case studies. Food resources - World food problems. Change caused by agriculture and overgrazing. Effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problem, water logging and salinity. Case studies. Energy resources - Growing energy needs, Renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources, Case studies. Land resources, Land as a resource, Common property resources, land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.<br />
Environmental valuation - Welfare measure and environmental values, Definition and classification of environmental values, valuation methods,<br />
Environmental Economics - Economic approach to environmental preservation and conservation, property rights and externalities, Management of natural resources, Natural resources accounting, Economics of natural resources - Forests, water resources, fisheries, biodiversity.<br />
<br />
UNIT 3<br />
<br />
Environmental Pollution - Causes, effects and control measures of air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, marine pollution, noise pollution, nuclear hazards, solid waste management, urban and industrial wastes, pollution case studies,pollution control methods. Disaster management - Floods, Earthquakes, Cyclones and landslides.<br />
Environmental problems in India - Effects of human activities on the quality of life, water and river, ground water, wasteland reclamation. Energy-firewood, animal energy, thermal and nuclear energy. Access to common property resources(CPR), Pollution: Domestic solid waste, Health and sanitation, safe drinking water<br />
<br />
UNIT 4<br />
Regional and sectoral issues - Urbanization, Agro-forestry, Dry lands, Goods and services, Mountain development, River basin water resource managtement, sustainable tourism, Coastal zone managenment.<br />
Environment and development - The economy and environment interaction, State of the environment - economics of development, preservation and conservation. Sustainability: Theory and practice, Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. Role of anindividual in pollution prevention.<br />
Human population annd the environment - Population growth and the environment - human rights - VALUE EDUCATION - woman and child welfare - role of information technology - case studies<br />
<br />
UNIT 5<br />
Social issues and the environment - From unsustainable to sustainable development, Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people - its problems and concerns. case studies; Environmental ethics: issues and possible solutions, consumerism and waste products, public awareness, role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.<br />
Sustainable resource management - Benefits and costs of environmental management, market and non-market benefits, health benefits, recreation benefits, aesthetic benefits, environmental costs, environmental impact assessment - evaluation of project and programs<br />
Design of environmental policy - Direct regulation by government, command and control instruments, economic instruments, pollution taxes, marketable permits, mixed instruments, informal regulation by local communities, monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulation.<br />
Institutions and governance - Evolution of laws, institutions and policies relating to India, popular participation in environment movement environmental activities and ethics that sustain the world<br />
Environment and sustainable development - Concepts and indicators - linkages and trade-offs - indicators of sustainability, Approaches to sustainable development.<br />
<br /></div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-84080281989510730562014-12-10T14:02:00.002+05:302014-12-10T14:02:40.653+05:30Question paper for Environmental Studies (9030) On 10 Dec 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>PART A (Answer all - 25 marks)</b></div>
What is biogas<br />
What is solar desalination<br />
What are ecological (tedogical) pyramids<br />
What are (sapromorphs) saprotrophs<br />
Define the term wildlife sanctuary<br />
What is a biome<br />
What is noise pollution<br />
Define the term hazardous waste<br />
What is watershed management<br />
What is eco-labeling<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>PART B (Answer any five - 50 marks</b></div>
What is earth capital ? Briefly describe the merits and demerits of (Eco thermal) Geo-thermal and Ocean energy resources<br />
Discuss the following problems (i) Deforestation and mining (ii) Overgrazing and modern agriculture with side effects for both.<br />
<br />
What is an eco-system. Discuss briefly as to how balance is maintained in an ocean ecosystem<br />
What are ecological pyramids. Explain as to how energy is transferred in an ecosystem with examples<br />
<br />
India is a mega-diversity nation. Explain<br />
Write a note on threats to biodiversity<br />
<br />
Write about causes, effects and control measures of thermal pollution<br />
What is solid waste. Explain briefly the various methods of disposing solid waste<br />
<br />
Differentiate between disaster management and disaster mitigation<br />
Write a note about NDMA and disaster management in India<br />
<br />
What is bio-magnification, eutrophication (tetrophication), folsom bottles and macro-consumers<br />
What is silent spring and explain GAIA theory<br />
<br />
Write a short note about: (i) Consumerism and waste products (ii) Eco-auditing and (iii) Holocaust<br />
<br />
ps: The text in brackets has apperared in the actual question paper. The corrected term is placed "outside" the brackets.</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-51569003302020644492014-12-08T23:22:00.000+05:302014-12-08T23:22:13.624+05:30Useful Study technique<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><strong>Studying More Effectively </strong></u></div>
Although we are continuously being bombarded with new theories, new ideas all the time from different sources, it is very easy to forget or get confused with what has been read or taught. The 'SQ3R' technique helps study in an appropriate level of detail, and remember information well. It makes reading both more efficient and more effective.<br />Francis Pleasant Robinson developed SQ3R, and published it in his 1946 book, "Effective Study." SQ3R is an acronym that stands for five steps that you should use when reading something that you want to remember. These five steps are:<br />1.Survey.<br />2.Question.<br />3.Read.<br />4.Recall.<br />5.Review<br />
Start by <u>skimming</u> through the material to pick up an overview of the text. Next, <u>note down any questions</u> that you may have about the subject. When you question the material, you engage your mind and prepare it for learning. Now read the document, one section at a time. Make a <u>note of anything that you don't understand</u>. While you're reading, take notes on important concepts, and to record your reactions to what you're reading. "<u>Read actively" by underlining important passages</u> or by using a highlighter pen to show key points. Once you've read the appropriate sections of the document, run through it in your mind several times. Identify the important points, and then work out how other information fits around them. Now, answer the questions from memory. Only turn back to the text if you're unable to answer a question this way. <br />Once you can recall the information, you can start to review it.<br />First, reread the document or your notes. This is especially important if you don't feel confident that you've understood all of the information.<br />Then discuss the material with someone else – this is a highly effective method of reviewing information. Explain what you have just learned as comprehensively as you can, and do your best to put the information into a context that's meaningful for your team, organization, or industry.<br />Finally, schedule regular reviews of the material to keep it fresh in your mind. Do this after a week, after a month, and after several months – this helps to embed the material into your long-term memory.</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1089820531873570507.post-70462285398041304072014-11-26T22:46:00.000+05:302014-11-26T22:46:03.471+05:30Disaster Management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Disaster management<br />
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins<br />
<br />
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.<br />
<br />
Disaster management Is a systematic process of planning, organising, and leading in order to effectively manage the after-effects of a disaster.<br />
It aims to reduce the negative impact or consequences of adverse events<br />
<br />
Types of disasters<br />
Disasters can be classified as natural, man-made and human-induced.<br />
<br />
Examples of natural disasters are:<br />
Earthquakes<br />
Volcanoes<br />
Floods<br />
Cyclones<br />
<br />
Examples of man-made disasters are:<br />
Nuclear leaks (Fukushima nuclear reactor leak)<br />
Chemical leaks / spills<br />
Terrorist activities<br />
Structural collapse<br />
<br />
Examples of human-induced disasters are:<br />
Global warming<br />
Drying-up of ural sea (inland sea) in Russia due to water diversion<br />
Large scale deforestation<br />
Large scale biological warfare<br />
<br />
Disaster management cycle<br />
Disaster management is an enormous task. Disasters are not confined to any particular location, neither do they disappear as quickly as they appear. Therefore, it is essential that there is proper management to optimize efficiency of planning and response. Due to limited resources, collaborative efforts at the governmental, private and community levels are necessary.<br />
<br />
Disaster management, and methodology,<br />
<div>
Disaster management is a cyclical process; the end of one phase is the beginning of another</div>
Timely decision making during each phase results in greater preparedness, better warnings, reduced vulnerability and/or the prevention of future disasters.<br />
Mitigation: Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster.<br />
Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.<br />
Preparedness: Planning how to respond.<br />
Example: preparedness plans, emergency exercises/training; warning systems.<br />
Response: Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.<br />
<br />
Examples: evacuation, search and rescue; emergency relief.<br />
Recovery: Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a condition equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place.<br />
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.<br />
<br />
Disaster management in India.<br />
In order to manage the various kinds of disasters occurring sporadically in various parts of India, The Disaster Management Act, 2005 provides for the constitution of the following institutions at national, state and district levels.<br />
National Disaster Management Authority<br />
State Disaster Management Authorities<br />
District Disaster Management Authorities<br />
National Institute of Disaster Management and<br />
National Disaster Response Force<br />
<br />
VARIOUS PHASES OF DISASTER MITIGATION<br />
Disaster prevention<br />
These are activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury can be mitigated with good evacuation plans, environmental planning and design standards. In January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction called the Hyogo Framework. It offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities.<br />
<br />
Disaster preparedness<br />
These activities are designed to minimise loss of life and damage – for example by removing people and property from a threatened location and by facilitating timely and effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation. Preparedness is the main way of reducing the impact of disasters. Community-based preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical therapy practice management.<br />
<br />
Disaster relief<br />
This is a coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term results. Relief activities include rescue, relocation, providing food and water, preventing disease and disability, repairing vital services such as telecommunications and transport, providing temporary shelter and emergency health care.<br />
<br />
Disaster recovery<br />
Once emergency needs have been met and the initial crisis is over, the people affected and the communities that support them are still vulnerable. Recovery activities include rebuilding infrastructure, health care and rehabilitation. These should blend with development activities, such as building human resources for health and developing policies and practices to avoid similar situations in future.<br />
<br />
Basic principles of disaster mitigation<br />
Disaster mitigation measures are the measures that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards through proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster occurs. Example: Building of a floodway.<br />
Disaster mitigation measures may be structural (e.g. flood dikes) or non-structural (e.g. land use zoning). Mitigation activities should incorporate the measurement and assessment of the evolving risk environment. Activities may include the creation of comprehensive, pro-active tools that help decide where to focus funding and efforts in risk reduction.<br />
Other examples of mitigation measures include:<br />
Hazard mapping<br />
Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices<br />
Implementing and enforcing building codes<br />
Flood plain mapping<br />
Reinforced tornado safe rooms<br />
Burying of electrical cables to prevent ice build-up<br />
Raising of homes in flood-prone areas<br />
Disaster mitigation public awareness programs<br />
Insurance programs</div>
Mrinal Gourhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08386902236981258517noreply@blogger.com7